Effect of Dual Pore Size Architecture on In Vitro Osteogenic Differentiation in Additively Manufactured Hierarchical Scaffolds

The combination of macro- and microporosity is a potent manner enhancing osteogenic potential, but the biological events leading to this increase in osteogenesis are not well understood. In study, we investigated effect dual pore size scaffold on physical properties, with hypothesis that cell condensation determining factor for enhanced differentiation. To end, hierarchical possessing (large small) was fabricated by combining two additive manufacturing techniques: melt electrospinning writing (MEW) fused deposition modeling (FDM). scaffolds showed mechanical stiffness 23.2 ± 1.5 MPa similar FDM control scaffold, while hybrid revealed an increased specific surface area 1.4 0.1 m2/g. cultured primary human osteoblasts 28 days, which adhesion proliferation. structure also beneficial vitro alkaline phosphate activity mineralization expression protein genes. Mesenchymal markers related osteoblastic differentiation (CDH2, RhoA, Rac1, Cdc42) were upregulated construct, demonstrating MEW membrane provided environment more suitable recapitulation condensation, turn leads higher summary, study demonstrated developed paper significant improvement properties such as area, initial adhesion, proliferation, osteogenesis.